On September 13th of 1987 a nuclear incident occurred At the invitation of the Brazilian government, the authors conducted a multidisciplinary field study in Goiania, Brazil, 3 1/2 years after an accident involving 137Cs, a radioactive cesium isotope. Before the danger became apparent they broke open the iridium window and found the radiation source, which emitted a strong blue light. play a role at their new location. is the author's own and that Stanford University provided no input other The source was in the form of pellets of cesium chloride salt, of the size of rice grains, highly soluble and readily dispersible. She would die a month later and be buried in a lead coffin encased in concrete. 0000000818 00000 n 0000001167 00000 n The city, state, and national governments were all aware of the incident by the end of the day. In general, translocation frequencies were two to three times lower than the dicentric frequencies, and the differences were dose-dependent. Brando-Mello CE, Oliveira AR, Valverde NJ, Farina R, Cordeiro JM. From this group, 129 people were identified to have internal contamination. were swept of radioactive waste and patients were properly treated. Authorities had to allocate workers and machinery equivalent to the task. Mr. Ferreira who survived the ordeal later succumbed to cirrhosis and died in 1994 following a history of depression and excessive alcohol consumption. Even after the cleanup, 7TBq of radioactivity remained unaccounted for. 24 17 It was the worst accident involving a radioactive source that the world has seen. Let us know. 5 Things You Should Know About: Central America, 5 Things You Should Know About: South America, 5 Things You Should Know About: North America. [7][clarification needed], Four months before the theft, on May 4, 1987, Saura Taniguti, then director of Ipasgo, the institute of insurance for civil servants, used police force to prevent one of the owners of IGR, Carlos Figueiredo Bezerril, from removing the radioactive material that had been left behind. 0000007721 00000 n 2 Conventional Methods of External Beam Radiotherapy The use of radiation to treat patients started a few months after the x-ray was discovered by Roentgen in 1895 and has been used since then. The environmental contamination: Assessment and remedial actions; 7. Slottje P, Twisk JW, Smidt N, Huizink AC, Witteveen AB, van Mechelen W, Smid T. Qual Life Res. When employees at the junkyard dismantled At the invitation of the Brazilian government, the authors conducted a multidisciplinary field study in Goiania, Brazil, 3 1/2 years after an accident involving 137 Cs, a radioactive cesium isotope. -- Kirstie Hansen, Division of Public Information, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100 Pieces were distributed . [9], On September 15, Pereira visited a local clinic, where his symptoms were diagnosed as the result of something he had eaten; he was told to return home and rest. These findings have implications for past and future radiation accidents. To. Rummaging through the abandoned building, two men found the machine and Arktis' detectors can also be installed in doorways or used in luggage-handling locations. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. The Goiania accident claimed at least four lives and affected many others. Roberto dos Santos Alves together with Wagner Mota Periera, taking advantage of the absence of a security guard, illegally entered the abandoned facility on September 13, 1987. These articles have not yet undergone the rigorous in-house editing or fact-checking and styling process to which most Britannica articles are customarily subjected. Conducted a multidisciplinary field study in Goiania, Brazil, 3.5 yrs after an accident involving -1-3-7Cs, a radioactive cesium isotope. The .gov means its official. [citation needed], In 1991, a group of researchers collected blood samples from highly exposed survivors of the incident. Updates? During this period, the IGR owners wrote numerous letters addressed to the National Nuclear Energy Commission requesting them permission to remove the teletherapy unit due to the dangers that this object pose. It most likely had been used for radiation therapy at the abandoned Goinia Hospital. Collett G, Young WR, Martin W, Anderson RM. The dissembling of the machine was the beginning of the accident since that was when radiation was released. Contents: Executive summary; Part I. Meg Gerli. The incident resulted in four deaths, and 249 people who were found to carry high levels of radioactive material. 0000002206 00000 n Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Apart from removing topsoil from various sites that had been infected, houses were also demolished, and all the items within the houses examined for any form of radioactivity. Clinical Symptoms of Localized Cutaneous Radiation Injury (Open Table in a new window) "There was no awareness that sources must be controlled from cradle to grave; and to prevent the public accessing them. [2] C. Wessells, (Photo: K. Hansen/IAEA). Majority of the people who had consumed more radiation were at a higher risk of suffering developing cancer. After analysis, 249 people were proved to have been carrying extremely high levels of radioactive material. [3]. Results indicated the presence of chronic stress, as measured by psychological, behavioral, and neuroendocrine indices, in subjects who were exposed as well as in subjects fearful of potential radiation exposure. Accident in Goinia," International Atomic Energy Agency, Medical response; 6. They compared subjects exposed to low levels of ionizing radiation, subjects who experienced anticipatory stress from fear of radiation exposure, and a nonirradiated control group. Two men found the canister and took it home in a wheelbarrow. Following the dismantling of the radioactive device, AIves sold the items to a nearby scrapyard on September 18th, 1987. Terms of Use, Kirstie Hansen, IAEA Division of Public Information, Governmental, legal and regulatory framework, Security of nuclear and other radioactive material, Radioactive waste and spent fuel management, Zoonotic Disease Integrated Action (ZODIAC), International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO), IAEA Marie Sklodowska-Curie Fellowship Programme, Catalogue of review missions and advisory services, Peer review and advisory services calendar, Global Nuclear Safety and Security Network (GNSSN), International Nuclear Information System (INIS), Advanced Reactors Information System (ARIS), Integrated Nuclear Fuel Cycle Information System (iNFCIS), Spent Fuel and Radioactive Waste Information System (SRIS), Offices Reporting to the Director General, The Global Schoolhouse on Rua 6, IAEA Bulletin (Vol. The Federal Court of Goiania blamed the National Nuclear Energy Commission for not taking the necessary measures to prevent the occurrence of the accident. . GitHub export from English Wikipedia. An old teletherapy unit containing Among the radiation-exposed victims, at least 50 individuals showed symptoms of whole-body and local acute irradiation, and also external or internal contamination. Hundreds are accidentally poisoned in Brazil On September 18, 1987, cesium-137 is removed from an abandoned cancer-therapy machine in Brazil. In this report, the purpose was to review and summarize the main results of cytogenetic studies carried out with victims of 137Cesium, for blood collection performed shortly after the accident, and following several years post-exposure. Ability of the general public to recognize the potential danger of a radiation source is important. 88, 1988) a set of general criteria and recommend- . In industry, the choice between decontaminating or disposing objects is based on only the economic value of the object and the ease of decontamination. Articles such as this one were acquired and published with the primary aim of expanding the information on Britannica.com with greater speed and efficiency than has traditionally been possible. The people of Goinia, Brazil were tragically caught unaware about the effects of an old radiation source in 1987. 6 Type of emergency: Radiological emergency Threat category: IV (GS-G-2) Uncontrolled dangerous source Abandoned . The Goiania accident took place on September 13th, 1987. Cesium chloride from a dumped source that had ended up in a scrap yard spread undetected for over two weeks. Estimated dosages received ranged from 4.5-6.0 Gy (total body dose, independently estimated based on cytogenetics). 0000000636 00000 n INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, The Radiological Accident in Goinia, Non-serial Publications , IAEA, Vienna (1988), Download to:EndNote BibTeX*use BibTeX for Zotero. Subsequent analysis resulted in the publication of numerous scientific articles. On September 13, 1987, scavengers combing through an abandoned clinic in Goinia, the capital city of Gois state, found a radiation therapy source that had been left behind. Persistence of translocations after accidental exposure to ionizing radiation. Two people survived such a dosage. Photograph showing epilation reaction to radioactive emanations sixty-three days after the Nagasaki explosion. Overview of the Goinia accident. with 249 having significant levels of radioactive material in or on Low Resolution Video. Cytogenetic analysis was used to distinguish severely irradiated victims from those less exposed. The two partially disassembled the teletherapy unit placing the source in a wheelbarrow and taking it the Alvess home. The accident in September 1987 in Goinia was one of the most serious radiation accidents in history. The author recalls her experiences during the follow-up of the radiological accident in Goiania, Brazil, in 1987, when a 137cs capsule was removed from an abandoned radiotherapy clinic. Those items that had no radioactivity were wrapped in polythene bags while those that had been infected were disposed or decontaminated depending on the level of contamination. many pieces of equipment in the country that contains radioactive Carlos warned Lcio Teixeira Borges, the president of the Ipsago, the Institute of insurance and civil servants that he would not take responsibility of what would happen with the dangerous cesium bomb. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Nevertheless, compensation is still distributed to survivors, who suffer radiation-related prejudices in everyday life.[22]. In September 1987, a powder radioactive source was removed from a teletherapy machine in Goinia, Brazil. Documenting an accident, and disseminating lessons learned to the emergency responders and to the public, acts as refresher training, keeping the important points in mind and preventing the facts from being blurred with the passage of time. The incident is considered one of the top 10 nuclear [1] The Incident When the Goiania Institute of Radiotherapy relocated, A Deadly Hazard," Physics 241, Stanford University, Winter 2012. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. The present report is divided into four parts: a chronology of destruction of the source, discovery of the accident and initial response; a description of the human consequences and the dosimetry and treatment of seriously exposed and contaminated persons; an account of the assessment of the environmental contamination and the remedial actions taken; and observations and recommendations. endstream endobj 25 0 obj<> endobj 27 0 obj<> endobj 28 0 obj<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB]>> endobj 29 0 obj<> endobj 30 0 obj<>stream [ 1, 2] Table 1. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help After five days, the finders sold the partially dismantled unit to a local scrapyard, where the glowing source became an object of curiosity that attracted dozens of spectators. Desquamation from their injuries was cared for. machinery. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA However, as the study also states, it is not easy to find the equivalent replacement for certain applications, which is part of the reason why such sources are still in use. of other authorities, the situation was contained, as contaminated areas Source: The Radiological Accident in Goiania, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1988 (permission granted to reproduce). [2] Eventually, twenty people showed signs of radiation sickness and required treatment.[2]. At the time of the accident she was employed by the Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission's (CNEN) Department of Human Resources Management as a psychologist. Cesium chloride from a dumped source that had ended up in a scrap yard spread undetected for over two weeks. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. In 1985, the Institute Goiano de Radioterapia (IGR) shifted their primary location, leaving behind a teletherapy unit in the abandoned building. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. On September 13th, 1987 a radioactive contamination accident took place in Goinia, Gois, Brazil. Omissions? 0000009556 00000 n Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Would you like email updates of new search results? Two people entered the premises to search for scrap metal and removed the source assembly, taking it home to try to dismantle it. [1] Given time, the body's repair mechanisms will reverse cell damage caused by radiation. [1] Employees at the junkyard were fascinated by Fid Backhouse is one of several contributors to. radiation exposure. Medical response: Initially, patients skin was decontaminated and clothing discarded. Found by scrap metal hunters, it was dismantled and the cesium chloride source containing 1,400 Ci of cesium-137 was removed. The other two immediate fatalities were young men employed at the scrapyard. On September 16, Alves succeeded in puncturing the capsule's aperture window with a screwdriver, allowing him to see a deep blue light coming from the tiny opening he had created. The Goinia accident spread significant radioactive contamination throughout the Aeroporto, Central, and Ferrovirios districts. It was the start of a process that has been described as one of the worlds worst nuclear accidents. Dust from the powder fell on the egg she was consuming; she eventually absorbed 1.0GBq and received a total dose of 6.0Gy, more than a fatal dose even with treatment.[11][12]. Potassium alum dissolved in hydrochloric acid was used on clay, concrete, soil, and roofs. Epub 2008 Apr 10. Such a release could expose people and contaminate their surroundings and personal property. External irradiation of hand and thigh. Wojcik A, Gregoire E, Hayata I, Roy L, Sommer S, Stephan G, Voisin P. Cytogenet Genome Res. In 2007, the IAEA knew of ten such incidents involving dangerous sources. On September 21, at the scrapyard, one of Ferreira's friends (identified as "EF1" in the IAEA report) succeeded in freeing several rice-sized grains of the glowing material from the capsule using a screwdriver. %%EOF The .gov means its official. A sealed source need only be picked up, placed in a lead container, and transported to the radioactive waste storage. They work entirely passively but are different from . A-1400 Vienna, Austria On September 13, 1987, scavengers combing through an abandoned clinic in Goinia, the capital city of Gois state, found a radiation therapy source that had been left behind. Dosimetry; Part III. Many ways of notifying, communicating, and educating must be employed to increase public awareness. Once news of the source of the illness reached authorities and the media, many swarmed hospitals by the thousands with fear that that had been exposed. Gabriela Maria Ferreira, the wife of scrapyard owner Devair Ferreira, was the first to appreciate that something was wrong and took the capsule to a hospital where it was identified as dangerous. A photograph of the radioactive source involved in the 1987 accident. Illustrative Case Study: 1987 Radiological Accident in Goiania, Brazil In September 1987, a hospital in Goiania, Brazil, moved to a new location and left its radiation cancer therapy unit behind. The Goinia accident was identified as one of the worst nuclear disasters in the world by the Time magazine while the International Atomic Energy Agency named it one of the worst radiological incidents in the world. Clinical and hematological aspects of 137Cs: the Goinia radiation accident. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Decorporation using Prussian Blue, for those internally contaminated, continued for more than two months until safe to discharge from hospital. After this incident, the law court issued security guards to protect this site. Corrections? PMC sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal On 13 September 1987, a radiation accident occurred in the city of Goinia in Central Brazil. More Information on reusing IAEA copyright material. Goinia accident, discovery and subsequent mishandling of a radioactive canister in Goinia, Brazil, in September 1987 that caused the deaths of four people and the contamination of about 250 others. Brazil, in September 1987. Generally, medical personnel and hospitals are not prepared for this type of injury, care, or emergency. There would have been much less waste and less cost if higher action thresholds had been set. Environmental contamination necessitated evacuation of 41 residences, demolition of seven homes, and removal of large amounts of soil by heavy machinery. In this accident, pellets were insidious in their small size, easy to handle. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). permission to copy, distribute and display this work in unaltered form, [13] On September 28, 1987 fifteen days after the item was found she reclaimed the materials from the rival scrapyard and transported them to a hospital. Goinias legacy of a handful of cesium chloride is 3,000 cubic metres of contaminated waste. [Carcinogenic hazards of radioactive cesium]. Urine from victims was treated with ion-exchange resin to compact the waste for ease of storage. [20] If the dose is spread over a long time period, these mechanisms can mitigate the effects of radiation poisoning.[21]. [31], A 1992 episode of Captain Planet and the Planeteers depicts a somewhat loosely-based version of this event in the episode "A Deadly Glow," albeit with a happier ending for all involved, and blaming the contamination of the town on an eco-villain. Accessibility Maria Gabriela Ferreira had been the first to notice that many people around her had become severely ill at the same time. Radiation accident, Goiania, Brazil, Sept 13, 1987. The Goinia incident Stories from Physics for 11-14 14-16 In 1985, a private radiotherapy clinic in Goinia, Brazil was being moved to new premises. Nothing can diminish the civil (and potentially criminal) responsibility of persons liable for the security of a radioactive source. Approximately 250 people were exposed to a 137Cs source from an abandoned radiotherapy unit. Roberto dos Santos and Wagner Mota, men who were searching for scrap metal to sell, took advantage of the situation and managed to gain access into the premises. This is thought in some cases to be because the dose was fractionated. Bookshelf An official website of the United States government. Disclaimer. other rights, including commercial rights, are reserved to the Radiation accident, Goiania, Brazil, Sept 13, 1987. Children and adults both were attracted to the glowing blue substance that was imagined to be valuable and was thus soon broken into pieces for distribution. [30] It won several awards at the 1990 Festival de Braslia. The accident was caused primarily 2003 Sep 29;530(1-2):1-7. doi: 10.1016/s0027-5107(03)00132-5. 0000005928 00000 n The opening of a radiotherapy machine containing cesium-137 led to the direct irradiation of 249 people. Mr. Ferreira also assumed the radioactive capsule was valuable since the device had a punctured hole that illuminated a blue glow from inside the capsule. Radioactive contamination and radiation exposure could occur if radioactive materials are released into the environment as the result of an accident, an event in nature, or an act of terrorism. Bookshelf Strong political and public pressures caused authorities to set remedial action levels at substantially restrictive levels. 49/2, 2008), Department of Nuclear Safety and Security. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. began getting sick and many were suffering from acute radiation 0000004051 00000 n The lead and steel canister looked innocent enough, but it held a small capsule with an iridium window, full of highly radioactive cesium chloride. PMC The site is secure. They sold the remnants of the source assembly to a junkyard owner. Keywords: In the morning of September 29, a visiting medical physicist[14] used a scintillation counter to confirm the presence of radioactivity and persuaded the authorities to take immediate action. The lead and steel canister looked innocent enough, but it held a small capsule with an iridium window, full of highly radioactive cesium chloride. 2007 Dec 1;335(7630):1106-7. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39377.655845.80. There he spread some of it on the concrete floor. Questions or concerns? Three doctors from the abandoned clinic were charged with criminal negligence for leaving such a dangerous piece of equipment behind when the facility was closed down. Serum Metabolomic Alterations Associated with Cesium-137 Internal Emitter Delivered in Various Dose Rates. They disassembled the unit and carried it home, thinking that it was a valuable object. Mutat Res. 2007 Mar;16(2):239-52. doi: 10.1007/s11136-006-9006-2. Since the accident, the gradual replacement of sealed sources containing the soluble, powdery form of cesium chloride has been considered. government site. All the objects from within those houses were removed and examined. It involves many medical and non-medical disciplines. Her aunt would also be a victim. The remains of Cs-137 contamination in a terrain where part of a radiotherapy unit had been . Would you like email updates of new search results? The Goinia accident [ojjni] was a radioactive contamination accident that occurred on September 13, 1987, in Goinia, Gois, Brazil, after an unsecured radiotherapy source was stolen from an abandoned hospital site in the city. production, which occurs as a result of nuclear fission of other 0000003139 00000 n Exposure Worry: The Psychological Impact of Perceived Ionizing Radiation Exposure in British Nuclear Test Veterans. startxref The two thieves were not included as defendants in the public civil suit. Description of the accident; 4. During a break-in at a disused hospital, thieves stole a medical instrument used for radiotherapy. HVN@[,{ Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Tumblr Pinterest Reddit VKontakte Odnoklassniki Pocket. In 1987, a container full of cesium-137, a radioactive element used to combat cancer, was opened by the owner of a junkyard in Goiania, Brazil. It was subsequently handled by many people, resulting in four deaths. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. Typical flash burn of exposed portions of the skin as it appeared sixty-three days after the Nagasaki explosion. they left behind many old hospital machines and supplies that would not [7][8], On September 13, 1987, the guard who was tasked with protecting the site did not show up for work. She was also fascinated by the blue glow of the powder, applying it to her body and showing it off to her mother. Human exposure to ionizing radiation has increased over time, mainly due to medical applications, occupational and environmental exposure, as well as accidents involving radioactive materials. Health-related quality of life of firefighters and police officers 8.5 years after the air disaster in Amsterdam. 1). Mile Island, Pennsylvania, and Goiania, Brazil," Military Medicine, Vol. During site demolition, the unit was partly demolished. World Population By Percentage of Blood Types. The total volume of waste was 3500 cubic meters, more than 275 truckloads. The incident resulted in four deaths, and 249 people who were found to carry high levels of radioactive material. Four people died within four weeks of hospital admission. At the invitation of the Brazilian government, the authors conducted a multidisciplinary field study in Goiania, Brazil, 3 1/2 years after an accident involving 137Cs, a radioactive cesium isotope. 0000006818 00000 n On September 13th of 1987 a nuclear incident occurred in Goiania Brazil (shown in Fig. The accident was caused primarily because of radioactive contamination of an abandoned piece of hospital machinery. Camparoto ML, Ramalho AT, Natarajan AT, Curado MP, Sakamoto-Hojo ET. Goinia, Brazil, have provided important information for the diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of radiation injuries. and transmitted securely. Four lives were lost in the incident and thousands of people needed to be examined for radioactive contamination. Cs-137 was one of the machines left in the abandoned building. A relevant aspect discussed on the basis of the results obtained in those studies refers to the incidence of chromosomal translocations, which were directly compared to the initial frequencies of dicentrics that were previously used to estimate the absorbed doses. The circumstances of the event, the first-aid measures taken, the criteria adopted for triage of the exposed population, and the radiation protection procedures used during the clinical management of the irradiated individuals are described. xref The Government and authorities in Brazil were faced with a tragic accident in Goinia resulting from the misuse of a strongly radioactive medical teletherapy source not under radiation protection surveillance. How a source is packaged, its physical and chemical properties, has bearing on the potential danger. 19 . MeSH How Airports Catch Illicit Radioactive Cargo. 1998 May 25;400(1-2):299-312. doi: 10.1016/s0027-5107(98)00021-9. The Goiania accident has served to dampen the excitement stirred here only last month with the announcement that Brazil had joined the small number of nations that have the ability to enrich . Approximately 250 people were exposed to a 137Cs source . Introduction; 2. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Contaminated body fluids and waste were managed. 1988. properly recognize the magnitude of the problem. In the USA, a 2008 report from the National Research Council has recommended that the US Government should take steps to promote the replacement of cesium chloride radiation sources, used in some medical and research equipment, with lower-risk alternatives. That same evening, they both began to vomit due to radiation sickness. Four people died a short time later; at least 21 suffered severe external radiation damage. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Cs source for radiotherapy Uncontrollable radiation exposure continued from September 13. th. Taking advantage of the absence of the guard,[8] burglars Roberto dos Santos Alves and Wagner Mota Pereira illegally entered the partially demolished IGR site. (137)Cesium; Biological dosimetry; Chromosomal aberrations; Dicentrics; Ionizing radiation; Translocations. The incident is considered one of the top 10 nuclear with attribution to the author, for noncommercial purposes only. 0000001059 00000 n The experience in Goiania confirmed in general the adequacy of existing diagnostic techniques, antibiotics, measures for platelet separation, and transfusion, as well as the efficiency of Prussian Blue in eliminating internal contamination by Ce-137. Triage was performed in a soccer stadium in which 112,800 people were monitored from September 30 through December 21, 1987. The accident occurred after an old radiotherapy source was stolen from an abandoned hospital site. On September 13, 1987, no guards were protecting the site where the teletherapy unit had been left. author. Maria Gabriela Ferreira notifies authorities, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Ciudad Jurez cobalt-60 contamination incident, "Columbia Scientists Prepare for a Threat: A Dirty Bomb", "How one handful of powder contaminated a whole city", "The Worst Nuclear Disasters Photo Essays", "Time to better secure radioactive materials", "Me acredita que Leide das Neves a "santa" criada pela tragdia do csio", "Pas est preparado para atuar em acidente radioativo", "Goinia, 25 anos depois: 'perguntam at se brilhamos', diz vtima", "Fractionation (radiation therapy) | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org", Vtimas do csio 137 voltam a receber remdios e pedem assistncia mdica para todos, "Case Law and Administrative Decisions, Judgement of the Federal Court in the Public Civil Action concerning the Goinia Accident", "Countering Radiological Terrorism: Consequences of the Radiation Exposure Incident in Goiania (Brazil)", 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1996)27:3<165::AID-EM1>3.0.CO;2-E, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1996)28:3<267::AID-EM11>3.0.CO;2-D, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1997)29:2<107::AID-EM1>3.0.CO;2-B, "Captain Planet and the Planeteers - The Deadly Glow - TheTVDB.com", Detailed Report from the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1988, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goinia_accident&oldid=1142678476, Radiation source left unsecured by authorities, two nested stainless steel canisters welded to, a protective internal shield (usually uranium metal or a tungsten alloy) and, a cylinder of radioactive source material, often but not always, This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 20:13.
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